Online first
Current issue
Archive
Special Issues
About the Journal
Publication Ethics
Anti-Plagiarism system
Instructions for Authors
Instructions for Reviewers
Editorial Board
Editorial Office
Contact
Reviewers
All Reviewers
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
General Data Protection Regulation (RODO)
RESEARCH PAPER
Problems with the bedbug (Cimex lectularius) in Slovakia
1
Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
2
Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, 2nd Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comenius University, Bratislava,
Slovak Republic
3
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
4
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Foreign Languages, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Corresponding author
Lubica Argalasova
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(3):400-404
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
In the 1970s and 1980s, the occurrence of bedbugs (Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758) was noticed only sporadically in accommodation facilities in Slovakia. Under regular monitoring, it was possible to even eradicate its occurrence in the 1980s. Today, the problem is once again a major global health issue.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to point out the occurrence of cimicosis in the case of atypical urticaria in patients referred to parasitological examination by inpatient and outpatient physicians.
Material and methods:
During the period 2006–2015, 102 patients with suspected ectoparasitosis were examined in the Diagnostic Laboratory of Human Parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava. Specialists and general practitioners referred the patients with itching red efflorescences. Parasitological examination and entomologic analysis of insects confirmed in many of them the presence of skin ectoparasitosis caused by Cimex lectularius, and in one case Oeciacus hirundinis.
Results:
A total number of 102 parasitologically patients were examined – 62 adults and 40 children. Among the 62 adults, there were 57 patients positive for cimicosis. In 5 patients cimicosis was not confirmed, in one of them (Sarcoptes scabiei Linnaeus, 1758) was detected. Among the 40 children, there were 34 positive for cimicosis. One female child was diagnosed with lesions caused by Sarcoptes scabiei.
Conclusions:
The bed bug should again be subjected to the reporting service to public health authorities, and thus recording the monitoring of its incidence and spread in the population.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the occurrence of bedbugs (Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758) was noticed only sporadically in accommodation facilities in Slovakia. Under regular monitoring, it was possible to even eradicate its occurrence in the 1980s. Today, the problem is once again a major global health issue.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to point out the occurrence of cimicosis in the case of atypical urticaria in patients referred to parasitological examination by inpatient and outpatient physicians.
Material and methods:
During the period 2006–2015, 102 patients with suspected ectoparasitosis were examined in the Diagnostic Laboratory of Human Parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava. Specialists and general practitioners referred the patients with itching red efflorescences. Parasitological examination and entomologic analysis of insects confirmed in many of them the presence of skin ectoparasitosis caused by Cimex lectularius, and in one case Oeciacus hirundinis.
Results:
A total number of 102 parasitologically patients were examined – 62 adults and 40 children. Among the 62 adults, there were 57 patients positive for cimicosis. In 5 patients cimicosis was not confirmed, in one of them (Sarcoptes scabiei Linnaeus, 1758) was detected. Among the 40 children, there were 34 positive for cimicosis. One female child was diagnosed with lesions caused by Sarcoptes scabiei.
Conclusions:
The bed bug should again be subjected to the reporting service to public health authorities, and thus recording the monitoring of its incidence and spread in the population.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was funded by the Faculty of Medicine at
Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest in the
publication of this study.
REFERENCES (39)
1.
Kadlubowski R, Czapliński B, Dymowska Z, Kurnatowska A, Lachmajer J, and Pawlowski Z. Zarys parazytologii lekarskiej: podręcznik dla studentów medycyny. Warszawa, Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich; 1979 [in Polish].
2.
Totková A, Klobušický M, Valent M. Medical Parasitology. Martin, Osveta s.r.o.; 2008 [in Slovak].
3.
Foulke GT, Anderson BE. Bedbugs. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 2014; 33: 119–22.
4.
Mullen GR, Durden LA. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Second Ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press Elsevier; 2009.
5.
Delaunay P, Blanc V, Del Giudice P, Lery-Bencheton A, Chosidow O, Party P, Brouqui P. Bedbugs and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52: 200–210.
6.
Khan HR, Rahman M. Morphology and biology of the bedbug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in the laboratory. Dhaka University J Biol Sci. 2012; 21: 125–130.
7.
Jedličková H. The bedbug-return uninvited guest. Dermatologie pro praxi 2011; 5: 196–198 [in Czech].
8.
Anderson JF, Ferrandino FJ, Mc Knight S, Nolen J, Miller J. A carbon dioxide heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug Cimex lectularius. Med Vet Entomol. 2009; 2: 99–105.
9.
Harraca V, Ryne C, Birgersson G, Ignell R. Smelling your way to food: can bedbugs use our odour? J Experimental Biol. 2012; 215: 623–629.
10.
Kočišová A. The occurrence of bedbug (Cimex lectularius) in Eastern Slovakia. Dezinfekce Dezinsekce Deratizace 2006; 15 [in Slovak].
11.
Reinhardt K, Siva-Jothy MT. Biology of the bedbugs (Cimicidae). Annual Rev Entomol. 2007; 52: 351–374.
12.
Reinhardt K, Kempke D, Naylor RA, Siva-Jothy MT. Sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med Vet Entomol. 2009; 23: 163–6.
13.
Goddard J, de Shazo R. Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites. J Am Med Assoc. 2009; 301: 1358–66.
14.
Doggett SL, Dwyer DE, Peñas PF, Russell RC. Bedbugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012; 25: 164–92.
15.
Buchvald J, Buchvald D. Dermatovenerology. Bratislava: SAP – Slovak Academic Press s.r.o; 2002. [in Slovak].
16.
de Shazo R D, Feldlaufer MF, Mihm MC Jr, Goddard J. Bullous reactions to bedbug bites reflect cutaneous vasculitis. Am J Med. 2012; 125: 688–694.
17.
Lowe CF, Romney MG. Bedbugs as vectors for drug-resistant bacteria. Emerging Infect Dis J. 2011; 17: 1132–1134.
18.
Paulke-Korinek M, Széll M, Laferl H, Auer H, Wenisch C. Bedbugs can cause severe anaemia in adults. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110: 2577–9.
19.
Price JB, Divjan A, Montfort WR, et al. IgE against bedbug (Cimex lectularius) allergens is common among adults bitten by bedbugs. J Allerg Clin Immunol. 2012; 129: 863–865.
20.
Leverkus M, Jochim RC, Schäd S, Bröcker EB, Andersen JF, Valenzuela JG, et al. Bullous Allergic Hypersensitivity to Bedbug Bites Mediated by IgE against Salivary Nitrophorin. J Investigative Dermatol. 2006; 126: 91–96.
21.
Abdel-Naser MB, Lotfy RA, Al-Sherbiny MM, Sayed Ali NM. Patients with papular urticaria have IgG antibodies to bedbug (Cimex lectularius) antigens. Parasitol Res. 2006: 550–556.
22.
Lai O, Ho D, Glick S, Jagdeo J. Bedbugs and possible transmission of human pathogens: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016; 308: 531–538.
23.
Blow JA, Turell MJ, Silverman AL, Walker ED. Stercorarial shedding and transtadial transmission of hepatitis B virus by common bedbugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol. 2001; 38: 694–700.
24.
Jupp PG, Lyons SF. Experimental assessment of bedbugs (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti formosus) as vectors of human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS 1987; 1: 171–174.
25.
Zorrilla-Vaca A. Bedbugs and Vector-Borne Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 59: 1351–1352.
26.
Zorrilla-Vaca A, Silva-Medina MM, Escandon-Vargas K. Bedbugs, Cimex spp.: their current world resurgence and health care impact. Asian Pacific J Tropical Dis. 2015; 5: 342–352.
27.
Totková A, Šimaljaková M, Preťová O, Hlavačiková H, Klobušický M, Valent M, et al. Cimicosis – again current problem (in Slovak). In: Labuda days, Bratislava, Institute of Virology SAV; 2009: pp. 113–114.
28.
Rupeš V. Bedbugs are current in our country. Zprávy epidemiológie a mikrobiológie (Epidemiology and microbiology news) 2009; 18: 17–18 [in Czech].
30.
Thomas S, Wrobel MJ, Brown J. Bedbugs: a primer for the health – system pharmacist. Am J Health-System Pharmacy 2013; 15: 126–30.
31.
Kuhn C, Van der Pan. The worldwide expansion of bedbugs also constitutes a problem in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 2014; 57: 524–530.
32.
Wang C, Saltzmann K, Chin E, Bennett GW, Gibb T. Characteristics of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), infestation and dispersal in a high-rise apartment building. J Economic Entomol. 2010; 103: 172–177.
33.
Vaidyanathan R, Feldlaufer MF. Bedbug Detection: Current Technologies and Future Directions. Am J Tropical Med Hygiene 2013; 88: 619–625.
34.
Lee IY, Ree HI, An SJ, Linton JA, Yong TS. Reemergence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius in Seoul, Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2008; 46: 269–71.
35.
Sheelm JM, Anderson JF, Tran TD, Teng YA, Byers PA, Ravi BS, et al. Ivermectin causes Cimex lectularius (bedbug) morbidity and mortality. J Emerg Med. 2013; 45: 433–40.
36.
Pfiester M, Koehler PG, Pereira RM. Ability of bedbug – detecting canines to locate live bedbugs and viable bedbug eggs. J Economic Entomol. 2008; 101: 1389–1396.
37.
Romero A, Anderson TD. High Levels of Resistance in the Common Bedbug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), to Neonicotinoid Insecticides. J Med Entomol. 2016; 53: 727–731.
| eISSN: | 1898-2263 |
| ISSN: | 1232-1966 |
Improvement of visual identification of the journal - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated to the activities of disseminating science.
Generation of the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher
© 2006-2024 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
