Online first
Current issue
Archive
Special Issues
About the Journal
Publication Ethics
Anti-Plagiarism system
Instructions for Authors
Instructions for Reviewers
Editorial Board
Editorial Office
Contact
Reviewers
All Reviewers
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
General Data Protection Regulation (RODO)
RESEARCH PAPER
Primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer
1
St. John’s Cancer Center, Department of Radiotherapy, Lublin, Poland
2
St. John’s Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Lublin, Poland
3
University of Szczecin, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, Szczecin, Poland
4
Human Anatomy Department, Medical Univeristy of Lublin, Poland
Corresponding author
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2017;24(4):549-553
KEYWORDS
breast cancerprimary and secondary preventionrisk factorslife stylemammographymodern diagnostics methods
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the second cancer frequently occurring worldwide of newly-diagnosed cancers. There is much evidence showing the influence of life style and environmental factors on the development of mammary gland cancer (high-fat diet, alcohol consumption, lack of physical exercise), the elimination of which (primary prevention) may contribute to a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Secondary prevention, comprising diagnostic tests (e.g. mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, breast self-examination, as well as modern and more precise imaging methods) help the early detection of tumours or lesions predisposing to tumours.
Objective:
The aim of this study paper is to review current knowledge and reports regarding primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.
State of knowledge:
It is estimated that nearly 70% of malign tumours are caused by environmental factors, whereas in breast cancer this percentage reaches 90–95%. There are national programmes established in many countries to fight cancer, where both types of prevention are stressed as serving to decrease morbidity and mortality due to cancers.
Conclusions:
Cancer prevention is currently playing a key role in the fight against the disease. Behaviour modification, as well as greater awareness among women regarding breast cancer, may significantly contribute towards reducing the incidence of this cancer. Another important aspect is the number of women undergoing diagnostic tests, which still remains at an unsatisfactory level.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the second cancer frequently occurring worldwide of newly-diagnosed cancers. There is much evidence showing the influence of life style and environmental factors on the development of mammary gland cancer (high-fat diet, alcohol consumption, lack of physical exercise), the elimination of which (primary prevention) may contribute to a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Secondary prevention, comprising diagnostic tests (e.g. mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, breast self-examination, as well as modern and more precise imaging methods) help the early detection of tumours or lesions predisposing to tumours.
Objective:
The aim of this study paper is to review current knowledge and reports regarding primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.
State of knowledge:
It is estimated that nearly 70% of malign tumours are caused by environmental factors, whereas in breast cancer this percentage reaches 90–95%. There are national programmes established in many countries to fight cancer, where both types of prevention are stressed as serving to decrease morbidity and mortality due to cancers.
Conclusions:
Cancer prevention is currently playing a key role in the fight against the disease. Behaviour modification, as well as greater awareness among women regarding breast cancer, may significantly contribute towards reducing the incidence of this cancer. Another important aspect is the number of women undergoing diagnostic tests, which still remains at an unsatisfactory level.
REFERENCES (53)
1.
Worldwide cancer statistics (WCRF) [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2015 November 5]. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org/cancer_sta....
2.
Mermer G, Turk M. Assessment of the Effects of Breast Cancer Training on Women Between the Ages of 50 and 70 in Kemalpasa, Turkey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014; 15(24): 10749–10755.
3.
Leśniczak B, Krasomski G, Oszukowski P, Stetkiewicz T, Woźniak P. Incidence of and mortality from breast cancer among women in Poland in the years 2001–2010. Prz Menopauzalny. 2014; 13(6): 344–347.
4.
Ferrini K, Ghelfi F, Mannucci R, Titta L. Lifestyle, nutrition and breast cancer: facts and presumptions for consideration. Ecancermedicalscience. 2015; 9: 1–11.
5.
Castelló A, Martín M, Ruiz A, Casas AM, Baena- Cañada JM, Lope V et al. Lower Breast Cancer Risk among Women following the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research Lifestyle Recommendations: EpiGEICAM Case-Control Study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5): 1–15.
6.
Coughlin SS, Smith SA. The Impact of the Natural, Social, Built, and Policy Environments on Breast Cancer. J Environ Health Sci. 2015; 1(3): 1–7.
7.
Podkowa N, Komasińska P, Roszak M, Gryczka R, Grodecka-Gazdecka S, Łacka K. Health behaviours among women diagnosed with breast tumours. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2014; 37(219):153–158.
8.
Howell A, Anderson AS, Clarke RB, Duffy SW, Evans DG, Garcia-Closas M et al. Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research. 2014; 16(5): 1–19.
9.
Kruk J. Intensity of recreational physical activity in different life periods in relation to breast cancer among women in the region of Western Pomerania. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2012; 16(6): 576–581.
10.
Kamińska M, Ciszewski T, Łopacka-Szatan K, Miotła P, Starosławska E. Breast cancer risk factors. Prz Menopauzalny. 2015; 14(3): 196–202.
11.
Katz D, Ather A. Preventive Medicine, Integrative Medicine & The Health of The Public. Commissioned for the IOM Summit on Integrative Medicine and the Health of the Public. 2009. [cited 2015 November 8]. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Fil....
12.
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. 2007.[Internet]. 2015 [cited2015 November 9]. Available from: http://www.aicr.org/assets/doc....
13.
Norata T, Scocciantib C, Boutron-Ruaultc M-C, Andersond A, Berrino F, Cecchini M et al. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Diet and cancer. Cancer Epidemiology. 2015. [cited 2015 November 8]. Available from: http://www.cancerepidemiology.....
14.
Rodríguez-Miguel C, Moral R, Escrich R, Vela E, Solanas M, Escrich E. The Role of Dietary Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Corn Oil on the Alteration of Epigenetic Patterns in the Rat DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer Model. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): 1–16.
15.
Aune D, Chan DSM, Greenwood DC, Vieira AR, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R et al. Dietary fiber and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. 2012; 23(6): 1394–1402.
16.
Aune D, Chan DSM, Vieira AR, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R, Greenwood DC et al. Dietary compared with blood concentrations of carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 96(2): 356–373.
17.
Orecchioni S, Reggiani F, Talarico G, Bertolini F. Mechanisms of obesity in the development of breast cancer. Discov Med. 2015; 20(109): 121–128.
18.
Allott EH, Hursting SD. Obesity and cancer: mechanistic insights from transdisciplinary studies. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015; 22(6): 365–386.
19.
Davoodi SH, Malek-Shahabi T, Malekshahi-Moghadam A, Shahbazi R, Esmaeili S. Obesity as an Important Risk Factor for Certain Types of Cancer. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2013; 6(4): 186–194.
20.
The WHO Global Database on Body Mass Index (BMI). [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2015 November 10]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.....
21.
Jeon YW, Kang SH, Park MH, Lim W, Cho SH, Suh YJ. Relationship between body mass index and the expression of hormone receptors or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 with respect to breast cancer survival. BMC Cancer. 2015; 15: 1–9.
22.
Protani M, Coory M, Martin JH. Effect of obesity on survival of women with breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010; 123(3): 627–635.
23.
Thompson HJ, Sedlacek SM, Wolfe P, Paul D, Lakoski SG, Playdon MC et al. Impact of Weight Loss on Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin in Overweight-to-Obese Post Menopausal Breast Cancer Survivors. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7): 5156–5176.
24.
Hauner D, Janni W, Rack B, Hauner H. The Effect of Overweight and Nutrition on Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011; 108(47): 795–801.
25.
World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Breast Cancer Survivors. 2014. [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2015 November 8]. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org/sites/defa....
26.
Rose DP, Gracheck PJ,Vona-Davis L. The Interactions of Obesity, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cancers. 2015; 7(4): 2147–2168.
27.
Applebaum MA, Miller BT, Lopez J, Doren EL, Laronga C, Smith PD. Change in Body Mass Index After Breast Reconstruction and Associated Complications. Eplasty. 2015; 15: 406–412.
28.
Chan DSM, Vieira AR, Aune D, Bandera EV, Greenwood DC, McTiernan A et al. Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer- systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies. Ann Oncol. 2014; 25(10): 1901–1914.
29.
Thompson HJ, Sedlacek SM, Playdon MC, Wolfe P, McGinley JN, Paul D et al. Weight Loss Interventions for Breast Cancer Survivors: Impact of Dietary Pattern. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5): 1–17.
30.
Schüz J, Espina C, Villain P, Herrero H, Leon ME, Minozzi S et al. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology. 2015. [cited 2015 November 11]. Available from: http://www.cancerepidemiology.....
31.
Scoccianti C, Cecchini M, Anderson AS, Berrino F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Espina C et al. European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Alcohol drinking and cancer. Cancer Epidemiology. 2015. [cited 2015 November 11]. Available from: http://www.cancerepidemiology.....
32.
Liu Y, Nguyen N, Colditz GA. Links between alcohol consumption and breast cancer: a look at the evidence.Womens Health. 2015; 11(1): 65–77.
33.
Castro GD, Castro JA. Alcohol drinking and mammary cancer: pathogenesis and potential dietary preventive alternatives. World J Clin Oncol. 2014; 5(4): 713–729.
34.
Frydenberg H, Flote VG, Larsson IM, Barrett ES, Furberg AS, Ursin G et al. Alcohol consumption, endogenous estrogen and mammographic density among premenopausal women. Breast Cancer Research. 2015; 17: 1–12.
35.
Cao Y, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL. Light to moderate intake of alcohol, drinking patterns, and risk of cancer: results from two prospective US cohort studies. BMJ. 2015; 351: 1–8.
36.
Milecki P, Hojan K, Ozga-Majchrzak O, Molińska-Glura M. Exercise tolerance in breast cancer patients during radiotherapy after aerobic training. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2013; 17(2): 205–209.
37.
Kruk J. Lifestyle Components and Primary Breast Cancer Prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2015; 15 (24): 10543–10555.
38.
Lynch BM, Neilson HK, Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and breast cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2011; 186: 13–42.
39.
Neilson HK, Conroy SM, Friedenreich CM. The Influence of Energetic Factors on Biomarkers of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. Curr Nutr Rep. 2014; 3(1): 22–34.
40.
Lahart IM, Metsios GS, Nevill AM, Carmichael AR. Physical activity, risk of death and recurrence in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Acta Oncol. 2015; 54(5): 635–654.
41.
Strategia walki z rakiem w Polsce 2015–2025. [Internet]. 14 czerwca 2014. [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: http://walkazrakiem.pl/sites/d....
42.
Weigel S, Heindel W, Heidrich J, Heidinger O, Hense HW. Reduction of Advanced Breast Cancer Stages at Subsequent Participation in Mammography Screening. Fortschr Röntgenstr. 2015. [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: https://www.thieme-connect.com....
43.
Mehnati P, Tirtash MJ. Comparative Efficacy of Four Imaging Instruments for Breast Cancer Screening. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015; 16(15): 6177–6186.
44.
Morris E, Feig SA, Drexler M, Lehman C. Implications of Overdiagnosis: Impact on Screening Mammography Practices. Popul Health Manag. 2015; 18 (1): 3–11.
45.
Caferova S, Uysal F, Balcı P, Saydam S, Canda T. Efficacy and safety of breast radiothermometry in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2014; 18(3): 197–203.
46.
Çakır M, K üçükkartallar T, Tekin A, Selimoğlu N, Poyraz N, Belviranlı MM et al. Comparison of mammography sensitivity after reduction mammoplasty targeting the glandular and fat tissue. Ulus Cerrahi Derg. 2015; 31(2): 68–71.
47.
Łuczyńska E, Heinze-Paluchowska S, Hendrick E, Dyczek S, Ryś J, Herman K et al. Comparison between Breast MRI and Contrast- Enhanced Spectral Mammography. Med Sci Monit. 2015; 21: 1358–1367.
48.
Godavarty A, Rodriguez S, Jung YJ, Gonzalez S. Optical imaging for breast cancer prescreening. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy (Dove Med Press). 2015; 7: 193–209.
49.
Hwang JY, Han BK, Ko EY, Shin JH, Hahn SY, Nam MY. Screening Ultrasound in Women with Negative Mammography: Outcome Analysis. Yonsei Med J. 2015; 56(5): 1352–1358.
50.
Yang SN, Li FJ, Liao YH, Chen YS, Shen WC, Huang TC. Identification of Breast Cancer Using Integrated Information from MRI and Mammography. PLoS One. 2015; 10(6): 1–11.
51.
Weinstock C, Campassi C, Goloubeva O, Wooten K, Kesmodel S, Bellevance E et al. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance in breast cancer survivors. SpringerPlus. 2015; 4: 1–8.
52.
Akhtari-Zavare M, Latiff LA, Juni MH, Said SM, Ismail IZ. Knowledge of Female Undergraduate Students on Breast Cancer and Breast Self-examination in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015; 16(15): 6231–6235.
53.
Populacyjny program profilaktyki i wczesnego wykrywania raka szyjki macicy i populacyjny program wczesnego wykrywania raka piersi. Ministerstwo Zdrowia 2013. [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: http://profilaktykaraka.coi.wa... .
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1898-2263 |
| ISSN: | 1232-1966 |
Improvement of visual identification of the journal - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated to the activities of disseminating science.
Generation of the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher
© 2006-2024 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
