REVIEW PAPER
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objective:
Despite a significant improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma over the past two decades, this cancer still remains one of the most lethal urological neoplasms.

Review methods:
Databases were searched using the keywords: ‘RCC’, ‘MMP’, ‘TIMP’, ‘signaling pathway’, and ‘pathophysiological’. The titles of these entries were analyzed to assess complementarity, obtaining 721 entries. Relevance was then assessed by analyzing the abstracts, and 387 entries were selected. Based on criteria such as number of citations, research methods, sample size and representativeness, 248 references were finally selected. Finally, 181 items were included in the literature.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinases plays an important role in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. They participate in the initiation and regulation of inflammatory and carcinogenic processes.

Summary:
The analysis of available literature shows that, from a biochemical point of view, the most important influence on the development of renal cell carcinoma and the formation of metastases is the imbalance between the activity of metalloproteinases and the concentration of their tissue inhibitors. Hope for the future lies in monoclonal antibodies used to selectively block individual metalloproteinases, which may be of particula importance in highly vascularized tumours, which undoubtedly include renal cell carcinoma. Additionally, assessment of metalloproteinases activity could assist in selecting patients for surgical treatment or active surveillance.

ABBREVIATIONS
APRF – factor of acute phase response; bFGF2 – basic fibroblast growth factor 2; BMI – body mass index; BMP-2 – bone morphogenetic protein 2; β-ct – catenin β; CAF – cancer-associated fibroblasts; ccRCC – clear cell renal cell carcinoma; CD63-R – CD63 receptor; CG – cathepsin G; chRCC – chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; CLDN-1 – claudin-1; COX-2 – cyclooxygenase 2; CT-α – chymotrypsin α; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; ECM – extracellular matrix; EMMPRIN – extracellular inducer of MMPs; EMT – mesenchymal-epithelial transition; EPIC – European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; FAK – focal adhesion kinase; Fas-L – ligand Fas; FGF – fibroblast growth factor; GA – glutamic acid; GCs – glucocortikoids; GCTB – giant cell tumour of bone; HGF – hepatocyte growth factor; HIF – hypoxia-inducible factor; HO-1 – heme oxygenase-1; ICI – checkpoint inhibitor; IFN-β – interferon β; IFN-γ – interferon γ; IL-10 – interleukin 10; IL-12 – interleukin 12; Il-1β – interleukin 1β; IL-8/CXCL-8 – interleukin 8; IκBα – nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells type α; LPS – lipopolysaccharide; MAPK – mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP – matrix metalloptoteinase; MNRN2 – multimerin 2; NF-κB – nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NQO1 – quinone oxidoreductase-1; NRF-2-ARE – nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element; NSCLC – non-small cell lung cancer; PAR – poly-ADP-ribose; PDGF – platelet-derived growth factor; PI-3-K – phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIAS – protein-activated STAT inhibitor; PLC – phospholipase C; pRCC – papillary renal cell carcinoma; p120-ct – catenin p120; RCC – renal cell carcinoma; SBP – systolic blood pressure; SOCS – suppressor cytokine signalling proteins; sRCC – sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma; SRM – small renal tumour; TAM – cancer-associated macrophag; TC-PTP – T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase TC45; TGF-β – transforming growth factor β; TIMP – tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases; TKIs – tyrosine kinase inhibitors; TNF – tumor necrosis factor; TR – trypsin; Tr-3-M/Tp-5-M – γ-3-monooxygenase tyrosine/5-monooxygenase tryptophan activating protein; uPAR – urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; VEGF – vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR – receptor of vascular endothelial growth factor; VHL – von Hippel-Lindau protein
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