Online first
Current issue
Archive
Special Issues
About the Journal
Publication Ethics
Anti-Plagiarism system
Instructions for Authors
Instructions for Reviewers
Editorial Board
Editorial Office
Contact
Reviewers
All Reviewers
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
General Data Protection Regulation (RODO)
RESEARCH PAPER
Determination and comparison of microbial loads in atmospheres of two hospitals in Izmir, Turkey
1
Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(1):106-110
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction and Objectives:
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, has become one of the most important health problems in health care units worldwide. The presented study aims to determine the average amount of microorganism loads and to show that the atmospheres of the two hospitals can be a potential source regarding nosocomial infections. The effect of surface and floor disinfection processes in the two hospitals and the antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates were also evaluated.
Material and Methods:
Microorganisms were isolated from air samples collected from different areas (patient wards, corridors, operating theatres and postoperative units) of the two hospitals in Izmir. Sampling was conducted between December 2006 – March 2007.
Results:
During the 3-month sampling period, the average number of live microorganisms in the air samples collected from second-class environments in the hospital 1 and the hospital 2 was found to be 224.44 and 536.66 cfu/m3, respectively. The average number of microorganisms in hospital 2 collected before the disinfection process was higher than those after the disinfection process. However, because of the closure of the air-conditioning system and the hepa filters after the disinfection process, this was reversed in hospital 1. In total, 54 and 42 isolates were obtained from hospital 1 and hospital 2, respectively. 49 isolates from hospital 1 and 35 isolates from hospital 2 were identified as Staphylacoccus sp. The remaining isolates were identified as Aerococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. Pseudomonas sp. was not determined in the air samples of the two hospitals.
Conclusions:
It was detected that the microbial loads in the atmospheres of the two hospitals studied varied greatly depending on the number of people in the environment. As the results indicate, the total number of microorganisms in the atmospheres of operating theatres in both hospitals does not pose a threat according to the Air Microbe Index.
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, has become one of the most important health problems in health care units worldwide. The presented study aims to determine the average amount of microorganism loads and to show that the atmospheres of the two hospitals can be a potential source regarding nosocomial infections. The effect of surface and floor disinfection processes in the two hospitals and the antibiotic susceptibility of the bacterial isolates were also evaluated.
Material and Methods:
Microorganisms were isolated from air samples collected from different areas (patient wards, corridors, operating theatres and postoperative units) of the two hospitals in Izmir. Sampling was conducted between December 2006 – March 2007.
Results:
During the 3-month sampling period, the average number of live microorganisms in the air samples collected from second-class environments in the hospital 1 and the hospital 2 was found to be 224.44 and 536.66 cfu/m3, respectively. The average number of microorganisms in hospital 2 collected before the disinfection process was higher than those after the disinfection process. However, because of the closure of the air-conditioning system and the hepa filters after the disinfection process, this was reversed in hospital 1. In total, 54 and 42 isolates were obtained from hospital 1 and hospital 2, respectively. 49 isolates from hospital 1 and 35 isolates from hospital 2 were identified as Staphylacoccus sp. The remaining isolates were identified as Aerococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. Pseudomonas sp. was not determined in the air samples of the two hospitals.
Conclusions:
It was detected that the microbial loads in the atmospheres of the two hospitals studied varied greatly depending on the number of people in the environment. As the results indicate, the total number of microorganisms in the atmospheres of operating theatres in both hospitals does not pose a threat according to the Air Microbe Index.
REFERENCES (30)
1.
WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.12. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections. A practical guide. 2nd edition.
3.
Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections. Am J Infect Control. 1988; 16: 128-140.
4.
McFee RB. Nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections: an overview. Dis Mon. 2009; 55: 422-438.
5.
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL Jr, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Pub Health Rep. 2007; 122: 160-166.
6.
Klavs I, Bufon Luznik T, Skerl M, Grgic-Vitek M, Lejko Zupanc T, Dolinsek M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in Slovenia-Results of the first national survey, 2001. J Hosp Infect. 2003; 54: 149-157.
7.
Lepelletier D, Ferreol S, Villers D, Richet S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infections in ICU: risk factors, morbidity and cost. Pathol Biol. 2004; 52(8): 474-479.
8.
Von Eiff C, Proctor RA, Peters G. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Pathogens have major role in nosocomial infections. Postgrad Med. 2001; 110(4): 63-76.
9.
Uzun Ö. Yoğun bakım ünitesinde fungal infeksiyonlara yaklaşım. J Intensive Care Med. 2003; 3(2): 135-144.
10.
Tomczak H, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A, Horla A, Duś-Żuchowska M, Błażejewska W, Polańska A, Okrutnik D. Estimation of vancomycin MIC for Staphylococcus aureus in patients treated in the Chair and Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences. Post Dermatol Alergol. 2011; XXVIII(6): 462-466.
11.
Günseren F, Mamikoglu L, Öztürk S, Yücesoy M, Biberoglu K, Yulug N, et al. A surveillance study of antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from intensive care units in eight hospitals in Turkey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999; 43: 373-378.
12.
Köseoğlu Ö, Kocagöz S, Gür D, Akova M. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in a Turkish university hospital: study of Gram-negative bacilli and their sensitivity Patterns. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17: 477-481.
13.
Buke C, Bıyıklı B, Tuncel M, Aydemir S, Tunger A, Sirin H, et al. Nosocomial Infections in a Neurological Intensive Care Unit. J Neurol Sci. 2009; 26(3): 298-304.
14.
Garrity GM, Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT. Bergey‘s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Vol 2), Springer, USA. 2005.
15.
Vos P, Garrity G, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, et al. Bergey‘s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Vol.3, The Firmicutes. Springer, USA. 2009.
16.
Balows A, Trüper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH. The Procaryotes – A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria (2nd ed), Springer Verlag, New York. 1992.
17.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard M2-A6. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa. 1997.
18.
İncecik Ş. Yoğun bakım ünitesi hastane infeksiyonları ve antibiyotiklere direnç. Uzmanlık Tezi, Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, 2002.
19.
Mobedi M. Hastane klima ve havalandırma sistemi. Makine Mühendisleri Odası İstanbul Şubesi, Hastane Klimaları ve Ameliyathanelerde Hijyen Paneli. 2003.
20.
Fumio K. Survey of airborne bacteria in the 2 general hospitals. Annual report of Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health 2003; 54: 309-314.
21.
Aygen B. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Hastane İnfeksiyon Kontrol Kurulunun Organizasyon Şeması, İnfeksiyon El Kitabı. 2004.
22.
Cucchiara P, Sucameli M, Masellis M, Torregrossa MV, Valentino L, Carmeni A. Bacteriological monitoring in a burns center. Ann Medit Burns Club 1994; 7(2).
23.
Augustowska M, Dutkiewicz J. Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward within a period of one year. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006; 13: 99-106.
24.
Li CS, Hou PA. Bioaerosol characteristics in hospital clean rooms. Sci Total Environ. 2003; 305: 169-176.
25.
Kelsen SG, McGuckin M. The role of airborne bacteria in the contamination of fine particle nebulizers and the development of nosocomial pneumonia. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1980; 353: 218-229.
26.
Martins-Diniz JN, da Silva RA, Miranda ET, Mendes-Giannini MJ. Monitoring of airborne fungus and yeast species in a hospital unit. Rev Saude Publica. 2005; 39: 398-405.
27.
Nunes ZG, Martins AS, Altoe AL, Nishikawa MM, Leite MO, Aguiar PF, et al. Indoor air microbiological evaluation of offices, hospitals, industries and shopping centers. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100: 351-357.
28.
Griffin FA. Reducing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Safety 2007: 33(12): 726-731.
29.
Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med. 1991; 91(3B): 72S-75S.
30.
Noskin GA, Peterson LR, Warren JR. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia: acquisition and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 20: 296-301.
| eISSN: | 1898-2263 |
| ISSN: | 1232-1966 |
Improvement of visual identification of the journal - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated to the activities of disseminating science.
Generation of the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher
© 2006-2024 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
