RESEARCH PAPER
A new method for setting guidelines to protect human health from agricultural exposure by using chlorpyrifos as an example
,
 
 
 
 
More details
Hide details
1
Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
 
2
Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22(2):275-280
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objectives:
Guidelines set by various agencies for the control and management of chlorpyrifos cover a wide range of values reflecting difficulties in the procedures for their development. To overcome these difficulties a new method to set guidelines would be developed. Published data derived from epidemiological investigations on human populations would be used to develop a dose-response relationship for chlorpyrifos allowing the calculation of threshold values which can be used as guidelines.

Material and Methods:
Data from the scientific literature on human populations were collected to evaluate the adverse response doses for a range of health effects. The Cumulative Frequency Distribution (CFD) for the minimum levels of adverse effects measured in terms of the Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADDD) and the Absorbed Daily Dose for neurological (ADDDN) and non-neurological effects were used.

Results:
Linear regression equations were fitted to the CFD plots giving R2 values of 0.93 and 0.86 indicating a normal distribution of the data. Using these CFD plots, the chronic and acute threshold values were calculated at the 5% cumulative frequency level for chlorpyrifos exposure giving values at 0.5 µg/kg/d and 3 µg/kg/d respectively.

Conclusions:
Guidelines set using this technique at the values at 0.5 µg/kg/d and 3 µg/kg/d for chronic and acute exposure respectively provide an alternative to the currently used biological endpoint and safety factor method.

 
REFERENCES (30)
1.
ATSDR, Toxicological Profile for Chlorpyrifos. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service: Atlanta, 1997.
 
2.
US EPA. Pesticide Industry: Sales and Usage. 2007, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/... (access: 2013.07.19).
 
3.
Aponso ML, Exposure and Risk Assessment for Farmers Occupationally Exposed to Clorpyrifos. Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture 2002;4: 233–244.
 
4.
FAO/WHO, The 1998 joint meeting of the FAO panel of experts on pesticide residues in food the environment and the WHO CORE Assessment Group. World Health Organization, Rome, 1998.
 
5.
NPIC, Chlorpyrifos Technical Fact Sheet. 2009. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheet... (access: 2012.03.28).
 
6.
NRA, National Registration Authority. NRA review of chlorpyrifos, 2000: Canberra.
 
7.
Cleveland CB, et al. Risk Assessment under FQPA: Case Study with Chlorpyrifos. NeuroToxicology 2001; 22: 699–706.
 
8.
Solomon KR, Sibley P, New concepts in ecologicalriskassessment: where do we go from here? Marine Pollution Bulletin 2002; 44(4): 279–285.
 
9.
Solomon K, Geisy J, Jones P, Probabilistic risk assessment of agro-chemicals in the environment. Crop Protection 2000; 19(8–10): 649–655.
 
10.
Nasrul Hamidin, Qiming Jimmy Yu, Connell D, Human health risk assessment of chlorrinated disinfection by-products in drinking water using a probabilistic approach. Water research 2008; 42: 3263–3274.
 
11.
Connell D, et al. Risk to breeding success of ardeids by contaminants in Hong Kong: Evidence from trace metal in feathers. Ecotoxicology 2002; 11: 49–59.
 
12.
Cao Q, Yu Q, Connell DW, Health risk characterization for environmental pollutants with a new concept of overall risk probability. J Hazard Mater. 2011; 187(1): 480–487.
 
13.
Nolan RJ, et al. Chlorpyrifos: Phamarcokinetics in human volunteers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984; 73: 8–15.
 
14.
Corner RJ, Dewan AM, Hashizume M. Modelling typhoid risk in Dhaka Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh: the role of socio-economic and environmental factors. International Journal of Health Geographics 2013; 12(13): 1–15.
 
15.
Mage DT, et al. Estimating pesticide dose from urinary pesticide concentration data by creatinine correction in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III). Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 2004; 14: 457–465.
 
16.
Curwin BD, et al. Pesticide dose estimates for children of Iowa farmers and non-farmers. Environmental Research 2007;105: 307–315.
 
17.
Eaton DL, et al. Review of the Toxicology of Chlorpyrifos With an emphases on Human Exposure and Neurodevelopment. Critical Reviews in Toxocology 2008; S2: 1–125.
 
18.
Connell DW, Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Due to Exposure Chemicals, IN: D CONNELL (Ed.) Basic concepts of Environmental Chemistry. 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC/ Taylor & Francis, 2005. pp. 411–438.
 
19.
Coulston F, et al. Final report on safety evaluation and metabolic studies on Dowco 179. Albany Medical College, Albany N.Y., 1972.
 
20.
Steenland K, et al. Neurologic Function among Termiticide Applicators Exposed to Chlorpyrifos. Envi Health Persp. 2000; 108(4): 293–300.
 
21.
Dick RB, et al. Evaluation of acute sensory-motor effects and test sensitivity using termiticide workers exposed to chlorpyrifos. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2001; 23: 381–393.
 
22.
Alber JW, Berent S, Garabrant DH, Giordani B, Schweitzer SJ, Garrison RP, et al. The Effects of Occupational Exposure to Chlorpyrifos on the Neurologic Examination of Central Neurvous System Function: A Prospective Cohort Study. Occup Environ Med. 2004a;46(4): 367–378.
 
23.
Albers JW, Garabrant DH, Schweitzer SJ, Garrison RP, Richardson RJ, Berent S. The Effects of Occupational Exposure to Chlorpyrifos on the Peripheral Nervous System: A Prospective Cohort Study. Occup Environ Med. 2004b;61: 201–211.
 
24.
Garabant ...2008.
 
25.
Farahat FM, et al. Biomakers of Chlorpyrifos Exposure and Effects in Egyptian Cotton Fiel Workers. Envi Health Persp. 2011; 119: 801–806.
 
26.
Meeker JD, et al. The Relationship of Urinary Metabolites of Carbaryl/Naphthalene and Chlorpyrifos with Human Semen Quality. Envi Health Persp. 2004; 112(17): 1665–1670.
 
27.
Meeker JD, Barr DB, and Hauser R, Thyroid hormones in relation to urinary metabolites of non-persistent insecticides in men of reproductive age. Reproductive Toxicology 2006; 22: 432–442.
 
28.
Meeker JD, et al. Exposure to Nonpersistent Insecticides and Male Reproductive Hormones. Epidemiology 2006; 17(1): 61–68.
 
29.
Berkowitz GS, et al., In Utero Pesticide Exposure, Maternal Paraoxonase Acitivity, and Head Circumference. Envi Health Persp. 2004; 112(3): 388–391.
 
30.
Albers JW, Garabrant DH, Mattsson JL, Burns CJ, Cohen SS, Sima C, Garrison RP, Richardson RJ, Berent S. Dose-effect analyses of occupational chlorpyrifos exposure and peripheral nerve electrophysiology. Toxicological Sciences 2007; 97(1): 196–204.
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top